Hanford cleanup process

Cleanup at Hanford follows environmental laws and regulations intended to protect human health and air, land, and water resources. Cleanup activities began in 1989 when Washington state entered the Tri-Party Agreement with EPA and the U.S. Dept. of Energy.

Ecology is responsible for regulating chemical and hazardous waste cleanup under the Resource Conservation & Recovery Act. Although it is a federal law, we have a charter to enforce it in our state. EPA Region 10 (Pacific Northwest) oversees the Comprehensive Environmental Restoration and Liability Act, more commonly known as Superfund, at Hanford.

Regardless of the regulatory authority, Energy and its contractors develop cleanup plans and perform the actual cleanup. We review those plans to make sure they follow the laws and regulations and that the work will protect human health and the environment. Depending on the circumstances, we may request that they do more than the minimum required by law. Our mission at Hanford is to ensure that the cleanup process protects human health and the environment.

Energy and its contractors notify us when they intend to clean up a specific site. Each cleanup requires a detailed plan outlining the work to be done. This must include mitigation plans stating how dust will be controlled, whether there will be impacts to groundwater, and how the site will be restored when cleanup is complete. We can approve cleanup plans as is, or ask for additional work to be done.

Why is cleanup taking so long?

There are two main reasons:

  1. There are no industry standard tools or procedures that cover the novel type of cleanup required — both toxic and radiological.
  2. The large scale of the project and the amount of contamination at the site.

Cleaning contaminated soil from an underground tank at a gas station is pretty straightforward. But cleaning millions of tons of soil holding both toxic chemical and radioactive contaminants is much more difficult and complex. For example, when workers move soil, they survey it for radiation and spray water on it to ensure contamination doesn't spread.

New tools and technologies had to be developed to retrieve waste from the site's 177 underground storage tanks, with each holding as much as a million gallons of radioactive and toxic chemical waste. About one-third of that waste is liquid, another third is crystallized, and the final third is thick sludge. Each type presents its own challenge and requires specialized, often previously non-existent tools. All work is performed remotely, and electronic equipment wears out fairly quickly due to radiation exposure.

Energy manages Hanford and hires contractors to do cleanup work. Ecology and EPA oversee cleanup activities to ensure that federal and state environmental laws are followed. All three agencies have agreed on cleanup milestones intended to ensure that the cleanup is thorough and protective of people and the environment. For this to occur in a timely manner and on a predictable schedule, Hanford needs adequate and stable funding.

What can you do?

Washington state produced weapons-grade plutonium throughout the Cold War. We are asking for support of efforts to clean up the toxic and radioactive waste that remains from Hanford’s plutonium production years, which threatens the people and the environment of the Pacific Northwest.

Share your concerns about Hanford with your legislators. You can also sign up for notifications about public meetings.